1.6 Ethical, Legal, Cultural & Environmental Impacts

Understand the key ethical and environmental issues in technology and how they impact society.

Overview

This topic explores how computing technologies influence ethics, law, culture, and the environment — including data privacy, intellectual property, digital divide, e-waste, and sustainability.

Detailed content

Ethical considerations

  • Privacy: collection, consent, and surveillance concerns.
  • Intellectual property: plagiarism, piracy, licensing.
  • Digital divide: unequal access to devices/connectivity.
  • Wellbeing: cyberbullying, screen time, mental health.

Legal issues (UK examples)

  • Data Protection Act / UK GDPR: lawful processing of personal data.
  • Computer Misuse Act: unauthorised access & modification offences.
  • Copyright, Designs and Patents Act: protects creators’ rights.
  • Freedom of Information Act: access to public-sector information.

Environmental considerations

  • E-waste: responsible disposal/recycling (e.g., WEEE).
  • Energy use: efficient hardware, data-centre cooling, renewables.
  • Green computing: power management, virtualisation, cloud efficiency.
  • Paperless workflows: digital docs, e-signatures, archiving.

Cultural impacts

  • Globalisation: collaboration vs. cultural homogenisation.
  • Social media: discourse, movements, misinformation.
  • Online communities: identity, inclusion/exclusion.
  • Digital literacy: access to skills and training.

Open source vs proprietary

  • Open source: transparency, cost, community innovation.
  • Proprietary: support, polish, integration, licensing cost.
  • Implications: customisation, security model, TCO.

AI & automation

  • Employment: displacement vs. new roles; reskilling.
  • Fairness: bias, accountability, explainability.
  • Safety & risk: misuse, robustness, governance.

Diagram

Overview of ethical, legal, cultural and environmental impacts

Figure: Impacts of technology on society and the environment.

Interactive card sort

Match each term to the correct description.

Extended exam-style questions (8 marks)

Q1: Evaluate the environmental impacts of increased technology usage, including e-waste and energy consumption. [8 marks]

Q2: Discuss how cultural and ethical issues surrounding social media can impact different communities globally. [8 marks]

Worked example: smartphones (PEEL)

Digital divide & accessibility

Point: Smartphones widen access but can deepen inequality.
Explain (pros): Access to learning, jobs, services; social inclusion.
Explain (cons): Cost/infrastructure lock people out; literacy gaps.
Link: Policies/devices/training reduce the divide → fair participation.

Mental health & social interaction

Point: Connectivity helps support networks but may harm wellbeing.
Explain (pros): Stay in touch, communities, support resources.
Explain (cons): Anxiety, cyberbullying, screen-time effects.
Link: Digital wellbeing and moderation mitigate risks.

Surveillance & privacy

Point: Data enables useful services but raises tracking concerns.
Explain (pros): Fraud detection, safety, personalisation.
Explain (cons): Profiling, misuse; need for strong data laws.
Link: Regulation + ethics ensure rights while keeping benefits.